Writing

For years, the oldest known inscription was the Narmer Palette, found during excavations at Hierakonpolis (modern name, Kom el-Ahmar) in 1890, dating from the 3150 A. C. Recent archaeological findings reveal that symbols on pottery Gerzeh, the year 3250 BC BC, resemble traditional hieroglyph. In 1998 a German archaeological team under the command of G nter Dreyer, who was excavating the tomb Uj at the necropolis of Umm el-Qa’ab of Abydos, which belonged to a king of the predynastic, recovered three hundred clay labels inscribed with hieroglyphics dating to the period Naqada III-a, a. XIII century C. According to investigations, the Egyptian writing appeared about 3000 BC C. with the unification of the Kingdom of Upper and Lower Egypt and the establishment of the state. For a long time consisted of only a few thousand signs, hieroglyphs, representing people, animals, plants, etc. stylized objects.Their number did not reach several thousands to the late period. define the system Egyptologists as hieroglyphic Egyptian, and is considered the world’s oldest writing. The name comes from the Greek “irons” (sacred) and “glypho” (sculpt, record). It was partly syllabic, partly ideographic. The hieratic was a cursive form of hieroglyphics and came into use during the First Dynasty (c. 2925-2775 BC). The term Demotic, in the Egyptian context, refers to writing and language that evolved during the late period, ie from the 25. Nd Nubian dynasty until it was displaced in court for the Koine Greek in the last century to . C. After the conquest by Amr ibn al-As in the year 640, the Egyptian language Coptic language survived in the Middle Ages. Around 2700 BC C., began to use pictograms to represent consonant sounds. About 2000 BCE C., were used 26 to represent the 24 main consonant sounds.The oldest known alphabet (c. 1800 BC) is a derivative of these signs abyad unil teros, like other Egyptian hieroglyphics. Westcar Papyrus: three magical stories in the court of King Khufu .. The hieroglyphic script finally fell into disuse as writing of the courtiers around the fourth century BC C under the Ptolemies, replaced by Greek, but remained in the temples of Upper Egypt, guarded by the Egyptian clergy. Cleopatra VII was the only Ptolemaic ruler who dominated the ancient Egyptian language. Attempts to decipher the Europeans began in the fifteenth century, although there were previous attempts by Arab scholars.